Analysis Of Influence Factors Social Policy Essay Example

Analysis Of Influence Factors Social Policy Essay Example Analysis Of Influence Factors Social Policy Essay Analysis Of Influence Factors Social Policy Essay As for a good authorities, the valuable public policy, which refers to the authorities action or inactivity to cover with peculiar issues, can be regarded as one of the rating standards. Therefore, it seems that the procedure of policy devising, turning the authorities political vision into the existent plans and actions in the existent universe ( Cabinet Office, 1999 ) , becomes important which should be put on much more accent. Particularly, good quality policy doing depends on high quality information, derived from a assortment of sources-expert cognition ; bing domestic and international research ; bing statistics ; stakeholder audience ; rating of old policies and new research ( Cabinet Office, 1999 ) . The high quality information here chiefly refers to grounds which becomes more and more of import portion for the policy devising. Even more, the increasing usage of assorted sorts of grounds by authorities has determined the cardinal function of grounds in policy devising for twenty-first century. The term evidence-based policymaking of course comes up at the same clip. Actually, the rise function of grounds in policy devising does hold its ain grounds. As the development of modern society, the growing of knowing and intelligent public cast their involvement to the exact information provided by the authorities and inquire why. Therefore in certain distance, it facilitates the authorities to research the precise informations of all types with the aid of developed information engineering ( Davies, Nutley and Smith, 2000 ) . What s more, an increasing demand on answerability in authorities goads on the significance of grounds in a democratic society. Due to the above grounds, in UK the Blair Government, who was elected on the footing of What matters is what works , announced that to bring forth policies that truly cover with jobs, that are advanced and shaped by grounds instead than a response to short-run force per unit area, that tackles causes ; non symptoms ( Modernizing Government, 1999 White Paper ) , and demonstrated that it was a good clip for the new authorities to get down grounds based- attack to public policy ( Gary Banks AO, 2009 ) , At the same clip, they built a new relationship between societal scientific discipline and authorities every bit good as pointed out that public policy had to be driven by grounds. So, what precisely does grounds mean? UK Cabinet office defines it as analysis of the result of audience, costings of policy options and the consequences of economic or statistical mold ( Cabinet Office, 1999 ) Harmonizing to Chambers Dictionary, grounds consists of consequences of systematic probe towards increasing the amount of cognition ( Davies, Nutley and Smith, 2000 ) . Both two definitions can be divided into four sorts functioning for policy devising: descriptive informations, analytic findings, appraising grounds, and policy analytic prognosiss ( Carol Hirschon Weiss, 2001 ) . Descriptive information is a tool to demo objects status, location, relation and way of alteration. See, for case, before the Hong Kong Government introduced the environmental levy strategy on plastic shopping bags, sum of informations are collected to demo the increasing danger brought by the plastic bags. 3-the mean figure of plastic bags is used by Hong Kong people per twenty-four hours. 13, 503-the figure of dozenss of solid waste is disposed of at landfills per twenty-four hours ( EPD Hong Kong, 2009 ) . 20 to 1000-the old ages are needed to break up the plastic bag. From the exact informations, authorities could clearly see the negative environmental affect caused by the plastic bag. Thus, authorities s policy is made on the footing of big and comprehensive informations. The 2nd sort is analytic findings which refer to the identified information conducted by an academic research and analysis system, detecting the relationship between factors and current state of affairss ( Carol Hirschon Weiss, 2001 ) . Besides in the same policy-the environmental levy strategy on plastic shopping bags, after academic analysis, we can reason that the low environmental consciousness of public endangers the state of affairs of indiscriminate usage of plastic bags. The analytic findings are the way for seeking positive solutions in the procedure of policy devising. Evaluation serves for straight analyzing the bing policies in other states or topographic points, and so selectively taking for ain usage. Taiwan, as one of the innovators in environmental protection, provides valuable experience for the Hong Kong Government ordaining the plastic bag levy strategy. After measuring positive and negative sides of Taiwan s Restricted Use Policy on Plastic Shopping Bags and Disposable Plastic Tableware ( Our Group s Essay on Environmental Levy Scheme on Plastic Shopping Bags, 2009 ) , the HK Government adopts the same policy of restricted usage of plastic shopping bags while temporarily abandons the unavailable policy on plastic tableware. The last one is policy analytic prognosiss. In common state of affairss, analyst will cipher and foretell the possible cost and benefits of the coming policy. The study of anticipation will act upon the concluding release of the new policy ( Carol Hirschon Weiss, 2001 ) . In short, these four sorts of grounds are used as the footing of the authorities policy devising. However, no affair how of import grounds is, in the procedure of policy devising, its nature has several restrictions and troubles. Harmonizing to Gary Banks research on evidence-based policy devising, methodology the authorities choose, informations lack or overload, grounds transparence, people who research and analyze grounds, and the limited clip to make the information aggregation are all the possible factors to act upon the effectivity of grounds used in policy devising ( Gary Banks AO, 2009 ) . Sometimes, quantitative informations could be collected, but that does non intend they are the existent valuable informations needed. The addition usage of plastic shopping bags has no necessary correlativity with the heavy air pollution job. Therefore, the grounds for air pollution should straight from auto emanation, industrial emanation, waste deposition, etc. Peoples with diverse political value or involvement could be non loath to accept the grounds which obeys their involvement. What s more, even for the policy shapers, they would wish to put the manner of policy foremost and so look for verification grounds. In this sense, grounds merely can be regarded as one of the important factors in policy devising. It will be much more appropriate to name that evidence-influenced policy devising ( H.K. Wong s talk note ) . In add-on, other three chief factors-political, economic and societal factors, besides have a intensive power to impact the complex procedure of policy devising. Politicss here concerns with political system and crisis. On one manus, as we know, the stable political system determines the usual manner of the authorities policy doing. From the first beginning of policy proposal to the audience and to the concluding policy devising, every measure complies with a certain regulate with minor alteration. Furthermore, the same as the steady political system, political political orientation and beliefs besides become the major elements to coerce the policy made ( Philip Davies, 2004 ) . On the other manus, crisis detonation becomes the direct primacord to press the authorities to ordain and implement a new policy in the immediate clip. After the detonation of the planetary fiscal crisis, one time the economic state of affairs in Hong Kong got worse quickly, and the Hong Kong Government carried out series of policy to excite the recovery and development of economic system. In the 2009-2010 Budget, the authorities introduced several steps to guarantee the stableness of fiscal establishments and the market to bolster public assurance in our fiscal systems , including the proviso of liquidness aid to the banking system and the constitution of a Contingent Bank Capital Facility ( The 2009-2010 Budget of Hong Kong ) . Meanwhile, in order to diminish the unemployment rate caused by the fiscal crisis, the Hong Kong Government besides sustained the proviso of more than 60000 employment opportunities, increased the enlisting of civil retainers, and closely cooperated with Guangdong Province to make more occupations ( The 2009-2010 Budget of Hong Kong ) . Therefore, it seems that in some certain state of affairss, political factors are more available than grounds which needs clip to roll up and analyse. The economic system is frequently closely connected with the political relations. The long-standing development of economic system should establish on valuable policies. In every twelvemonth s policy reference, economic policy is the most of import 1. Harmonizing to the specific economic state of affairss, the authorities have emphasised their policy on different facets. For case, when the Hong Kong market was to a great extent hit by the fiscal tsunami, the policy accent are placed on how to get by with it and how to retrieve this twelvemonth. This is why the authorities make great attempt to stabilise the fiscal system, support endeavors and continue employment ( 2009-2010 Policy Address ) . Comparing to the old twelvemonth, there was no fiscal tsunami s striking, the Hong Kong Government focused more on 10 large-scale Infrastructure Projects which aimed to better Hong Kong s transit and associate up socio-cultural and concern activities with more efficient transit systems ( 20 07-2008 Policy Address ) . When speaking about economic factors, we should detect that every policy is restricted within the authorities finance. As we know, if the budget of a policy is mostly beyond the authorities s fiscal endurance after exact computation and the cost effectiveness/efficiency system, the policy will be cut off. Social factors here include experience and opinion of policy shapers, wont and tradition, force per unit area groups and advisers ( Philip Davies, 2004 ) . Normally, the experience and opinion of policy shapers are cherished decision on the footing on the old policy success or failure, incarnating rational capital and tacit cognition ( Philip Davies, 2004 ) . They are see as an influence factor. Actually, the usage of experience and opinion frequently appears in the status where the grounds is uncomplete or non-existent ( Grimshaw, et Al, 2003 ) . It can be regarded as a complement for grounds in the procedure of policy devising. Habit and tradition constitutes another societal factor impacting policy devising. Some establishments stagnate due to the unchanging wont and tradition. They refuse to do and implement new policy to excite the development of themselves. To a certain extent, Changing traditional and accustomed ways of making things to suit the forces of reason and modernnes s presents a major challenge for policy devising ( Philip Davies, 2004 ) . The last societal factor-pressure groups and advisers, progressively act upon the policy devising in the current yearss. The fast development of think armored combat vehicles in society, they have already profoundly penetrated into the political relations. Particularly when a policy contradicts with think-tanks and force per unit area groups involvement, their sentiments are powerful plenty to impact the policy devising. In a word, all the above factors come together to act upon the procedure of policy devising. Evidence, political, economic and societal factors supplement with each other, fixing for the to the full consideration of policy devising. However, factors come together here does non intend that every factor should go one necessary portion in a policy. In most conditions, there are merely two or three factors influence the policy devising. Now, I will analyse how these factors come together to impact policy doing within one instance. Small Class Teaching in Hong Kong is a typical instance which could turn out many elements come together to influence policy devising. As the development of modern knowledge-based society, more and more demands are raised on instruction system and method. Particularly, for the comprehensive development of younger coevals, it is normally supposed that little category with smaller figure of pupils per category is much more helpful than the normal big category in primary and secondary school. As for the instructors in little category, they could cut down their heavy work load, pay more attending to every single pupil and so learn pupils harmonizing to their ability. For the pupil, in little category they would hold more chances to pass on with instructors and schoolmates, participant in category activities and acquire more immediate feedback of their ain survey from instructors ( Group 2 s Essay on Small Class Teaching ) . Since July 1998, an unwritten inquiry on category size in primary and secondary schools was foremost raised by Hon Cheung Man-kwong in the Legislative Council. Till 2007, the Chief Executive eventually announced that the little category instruction would be launch in 2009/10 school twelvemonth in his 2007-2008 Policy Address. During the long period of policy devising, in order to roll up more resource every bit good as sing some contention issues concerned with the little category instruction, the authorities conducted a pilot survey in primary school with effectiveness schemes of category and group instruction in 2003/04 school twelvemonth and another strategy in primary schools with high concentration of disadvantaged students with consequence from 2005/06 school twelvemonth. During the survey, sum of feedback and quantitative informations have been collected from instructors and pupils through the manner of questionnaire. Qualitative information, carefully analyzed through syste matic lesson observations and instance surveies, acquire a decision that schools and instructors have non truly benefited a batch from the little category instruction ( Group 2 s essay on Small Class Teaching ) . Even though the concluding consequence of the survey has non been released to the populace, from the facet of grounds , it can be regarded as a good manner to get down. In add-on, the rating and experience-learning on the footing of abroad experience is besides a sort of grounds. The United State is a successful illustration on the execution of little category instruction, who conducts specific cost-effectiveness analysis and to the full considers the allotment of financess, the mark popularity, the category size and so on ( Group 2 s essay on Small Class Teaching ) . From the facet of societal factors, most of academic and parents representatives concurred with the policy of little category learning with the grounds that instructors should be professionally trained and care more about single pupil s demand. Furthermore, political parties such as Democratic Party and Liberal Party, besides agreed with the execution of this policy. Therefore, a great major of stakeholders were consentaneous the execution of little category learning which they believed pupils and instructors would profit a batch from it. In this sense, the strong sentiments for stakeholders have a certain impact on the whole policy procedure. From the facet of political factors, in 2002, the Consolidating High Cost and Under-utilized Primary Schools policy was introduced by Education and Manpower Bureau, taking to a threaten to sum of instructors occupations. Thousands of instructors hold a March and protested against the policy in July 2003 ( SING TAO, 2003 ) . This political force per unit area became one component to act upon the devising of little category instruction policy. Originally, the Hong Kong Government attempted to pattern evidence-based policy devising by carry oning the pilot survey, measuring and analysing the research every bit good as larning from abroad experience. However, political and societal factors partly become the elements of impacting the policy devising. Thus, grounds in this instance is still the most of import factor and the policy of little category instruction could be called evidence-influenced policy. To reason, in the complex procedure of policy devising, grounds every bit good as the political, economic and societal factors constitutes the influence elements. On one manus, Evidence, by agencies of descriptive informations, analytic findings, appraising grounds, and policy analytic prognosiss, occupies the most important place in policy devising. On the other manus, to some extent, the restrictions and troubles of grounds restrict the policy s formation. It leads to the evidence-influenced policy , alternatively of evidence-based policy . Yet, the being of the political, economic and societal factors makes up the restriction of grounds in a certain distance. They all serve for the whole policy procedure. Mention Cabinet Office, 1999, Professional Policy-Making for the Twenty-first Century, Strategic Policy Making Team, London, Cabinet Office. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.civilservant.org.uk/profpolicymaking.pdf ( accessed on 18 November, 2009 ) Cabinet Office, 1999a, Modernizing Government, White Paper, London, Cabinet Office. Carmen, Fiona, Helen, Gloria, Selin and Yvonne, November 2009, Group Paper: Environmental Levy Scheme on Plastic Shopping Bags Carol Hirschon Weiss, 2001, What Kind of Evidence in Evidence-Based Policy? Third International, Inter-disciplinary Evidence-Based Policies and Indicator Systems Conference, July 2001 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cemcentre.org/Documents/CEM % 20Extra/EBE/EBE2001/P284-291 % 20Carol % 20Weiss.pdf ( accessed on 19 November, 2009 ) Chau Kam Yan, Hon Heung-Kwan, Kung Tin Ho, Leung Lok-Sum, So Tsit, October 2009, Group Essay on Small Class Teaching Donald Tsang, 2007, Policy Address 2007-2008: A New Direction for Hong Kong, policyaddress.gov.hk, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.policyaddress.gov.hk/07-08/eng/agenda.html ( accessed on 20 November, 2009 ) Donald Tsang, 2009, Policy Address 2009-2010: Interrupting New Ground Together, policyaddress.gov.hk, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.policyaddress.gov.hk/09-10/eng/index.html ( accessed on 20 November, 2009 ) Environmental Protection Department Hong Kong, 2009. Environmental Levy on Plastic Shopping Bags. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/environmentinhk/waste/prob_solutions/env_levy.html ( accessed on 3 November, 2009 ) Gary Banks AO, 2009, Challenges of Evidence-Based Policy-Making, Australia Public Service Commission, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.apsc.gov.au/publications09/evidencebasedpolicy.htm ( accessed on 19 November, 2009 ) Grimshaw, J.M. , Thomas, R.E. , MacLennan, G. , Fraser, C. , and Ramsay, C.R. , 2003, Effectiveness and Efficiency of Guideline Dissemination and Implementation Strategies, Final Report, Aberdeen, Health Services Research Unit. H.K. Wong, 2009, Lecture Note 3: The Rhetorics and Reality of EBPM Hum Davies, Sandra Nutley and Peter Smith, 2000, Introducing Evidence-Based Policy and Practice in Public Services, In What Works? Evidence Based Policy and Practice in the Public Services, Chapter One, 1-11, Bristol: Policy Imperativeness John Tsang Chun-wah, 2009, the 2009-2010 Budget, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.budget.gov.hk/2009/eng/speech.html ( accessed on 19 November, 2009 ) Philip Davies, 2004, Is Evidence-Based Government Possible? To be presented at the 4th Annual Campbell Collaboration Colloquium, Washington D.C. , 19 February 2004 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nationalschool.gov.uk/policyhub/downloads/JerryLeeLecture1202041.pdf ( accessed on 20 November, 2009 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.singtao.com/archive/fullstory.asp? andor=or A ; year1=2003 A ; month1=07 A ; day1=21 A ; year2=2003 A ; month2=07 A ; day2=21 A ; category=all A ; id=20030721a01 A ; keyword1= A ; keyword2= ( accessed on 20 November, 2009 )

Canada in World War 1 Essays

Canada in World War 1 Essays Canada in World War 1 Essay Canada in World War 1 Essay Essay Topic: Orlando World War I was a time that affected almost ever country or region in the world in one-way or another. The common wealth of Canada was no different. Although not located in Europe where the war was primarily fought, our dominion was still a major contributor to the war effort and fought valiantly in defending the ideals of democracy and a free world. Many of our soldiers lost their lives in various battles throughout the war but without their efforts the war may have swung Germanys way, causing more battles, a longer war, more money and eventually more lives. On August 4th 1914, England went to war with Germany. As part of the great English empire, our country of Canada was dragged into the war as well. As soon as England declared war, we threw our full-fledged support England’s way. Primarily this meant we provided troops and resources to the war effort. Before World war one began, our army was miniscule and held little power. After war was declared on England however, our army grew by the thousands, as many of our citizens felt obligated to help the motherland. By 1919 a total of six hundred thousand Canadian men and woman participated in the war effort as nurses, soldiers and chaplains, this number does not include the people on the home front who contributed to the war effort. 3 Canada’s first great mark on World War I was at the second battle of Ypres. The 1st Canadian division moved to reinforce the British and allied lines. In April of 1915, the Germans unleashed canisters of poison chlorine gas. Carried by the wind, this gas entered allied trenches forcing retreat and countless deaths. Soon however, we Canadians figured out that by urinating on rags and placing them over our mouths and noses we could overcome the gas and continue the fight. By the time they figured this out there were enormous gaps stretching in the allied lines. Many allies had retreated due to the gas so it was up to our boys in uniform to restring the lines and repel the enemy forces. On April 24th, more gas from the German side was released this time the potency of the gas was so high that urine soaked rags could not stop the chemicals from entering the lungs, causing upwards of six thousand casualties. This battle is a true testament to how courageous our Canadian soldiers were and how they truly cared about the war effort. They could have retreated, but no they did there job and held the line. Our Canadian men next fought in the great battle of Somme, this battle claimed over fifty-seven thousand British lives and an estimated twenty five thousand Canadian lives. However, it gave us our nickname as the shock troops because in this battle our men fought like bats out of hell and by November 11th we were able to defeat and secure all of the German trenches in the area of Courcelette. The next offensive occurred when all four of our Canadian divisions met up during the battle of Vimy Ridge. During this battle we lost over ten thousand soldiers but managed to kill numerous amounts of Germans and take four thousand prisoners of war. During the final months of the war our troops fought courageously. These final months are known as the hundred days offensive. In the final one hundred day s of war our corps lost over forty five thousand men. Battles in this offensive included the brutal battle of Arrias and the battle of Cambrai. In the battle of Arras German forces were forced to retreat. In the battle of Cambrai, Canadians broke through the Hindenburg line defeating the Germans at their main distribution center4. An interesting fact to be noticed is that the last recorded casualty of World War I occurred two minutes before the armistice; the man was a one of our own, a Canadian Soldier who went by the name of George Lawrence Price3. We Canadians made great sacrifices for the greater good of the world, this point undoubtedly proven by the stories of the battles our men fought in. Our country of Canada is home to both the British and the French; this caused some major problems in World War I. Even before the war, the French Canadians did not adhere to our British policy. When Prime Minister Robert Borden installed the Canadian military act of 1917, the French especially in Quebec rebelled; refusing to fight because they felt the military act was unfairly targeted towards them. After the war, and to this day there is still a rift between French and British Canadians. However, the war did bring British Canadians closer together. As our country and our men fought against the powers of evil, Canadians formed a bond that could not be broken, bringing us one step closer to becoming an independent nation 3. To those whom it may concern, including but not limited to Woodrow Wilson (United States), Vittorio Orlando (Italy), George Clemenceau (France) and David Lloyd (England)2. We Canadians do not request much. This war did not affect us as much as it did many other European countries. Yes, many of our citizen’s lives were lost in battle, but our countries lands and resources have not been depleted; the same cannot be said for many European countries that have lost so much to this grave war. Canada is not asking for much, we do however have a few objectives. We ask for the same representation in the conference that some of the smaller countries have received. Meaning, we request at least 2 seats in the conference and we also request that Canada signs its name independently on the treaty. We do not do this to be a pest for we realize we are not an independent country, however we also realize the sacrifice that our soldiers have made for the greater good of the world and these sacrifices are equivalent to those of any legitimate country 5. Those sixty four thousand men who gave their lives for the motherland and the over one hundred and fifty thousand who lie injured shall not have been killed or injured in vain and shall be remembered for eternity. We Canadians also feel strongly about the implementation of a League of Nations in order to avoid this kind of disastrous war in the future. Along with our viewpoint on the installment of the League of Nations, we hold a few more viewpoints along with a few more objectives that we feel will better the world. One being full support of the Japanese Racial Equality Agreement due to the fact our dominion of Canada is home to a greatly diverse group of people. Two, to work together with the economic and political systems of the United States and Great Britain in order to simplify our lives. (peace of paper handed out in class) To sum it up, Canada lost many men in World War I, in their memory, we respectfully request two things. One for representation equal to that of smaller countries, and two for our name to be Independently signed on the treaty. We also believe certain objectives should be accomplished for the betterment of the world. We believe in the implementation of a league of nations, the approval of the racial equality agreement and the necessity of our state to work together with two of the great countries of the world, our motherland Britain and our neighbors to the south the United States. May Canada live on forever.

Political Environment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Political Environment - Case Study Example A good political environment such as political stability is conducive to business because it meant that business can operate unhampered. Its factories can work without disruption and its employees can go to work any issue, therefore, the business can operate smoothly when there is a political stability. A bad political environment such as political instability, on the other hand, is a bad macroeconomic environment for business. We can take the recent issue about Egypt’s coup’d etat where the military took over the government and the people protesting it. News of military crackdowns is everywhere and conflict happens every day. This is bad for business because it cannot operate smoothly. Moreso when it is in the Middle East where the majority of the oil in the world is produced. In the case of political instability in Egypt, oil prices rose up above the $100 because Egypt controls the Suez Canal where most oil cargo passes through such as what is reported in the article â€Å"Oil prices rise above $100 post-Egyptian military's coup d'etat† (Business Standard, 2013). This uncertainty that oil may not reach their destination or may be entangled in the conflict sends anxiety in the market that its price shot up. And this price hike in oil has ripple negative effect in business in general and for us consumers because all industry is dependent on power which needs oil. When the input of the price of oil shots up, the price of the products and services will naturally increase making everything expensive.

Air Passenger Duty Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Air Passenger Duty - Research Paper Example It is expected that at the end of the paper, there shall be a definitive decision taken by the Welsh Minister on the way forward, as far as air passenger duty is concerned. 2 Background The air passenger duty could be said to be the brainchild of the Holtham Commission, which in 2010 came out with a recommendation to the Welsh Government on the need to make significant adjustments to its existing tax policies, especially those on minor taxes2. As part of the minor taxes to be considered was the air passenger duty. But since its imposition, the air passenger duty has come under intense public, academic and professional debate as to whether or not everything is being done right with the tax in terms of the allotment of duties and whether or not the air passenger duty should continue to exist at all. Currently, the air passenger duty is charged as a levy on a group of passengers tagged as chargeable passengers, using a group of aircraft tagged as chargeable aircraft from a United Kingdo m airport3. Even though the passenger may be the eventual payer of the levy, the duty is actually charged to the owner of the aircraft and thus the operator of the aircraft becomes payable to the Welsh Government. The Welsh Government does not therefore have any direct interactions with the passenger as far as the levies are concerned and it will be noted that even with the operator of the aircraft, the charge of the air passenger duty takes effect once the passenger aircraft first becomes airborne4. Currently, there are no fixed rates of duties or levies cutting across all chargeable aircrafts and for chargeable passengers. Rather, there are variations in the charges depending on the destination of the chargeable... It is worth mentioning however that the air passenger duty is currently non-devolved, meaning that not all countries within the United Kingdom are forcibly obliged to be implementers of the law. For example, it will be noted that in the Scotland and Wales, for example, the United Kingdom government is still undertaking a feasibility study to ascertain the likely effects that devolution would have on these countries; and thus the current study that is being undertaken. As part of the feasibility study and review that is taking place is the consideration on the constitutional and financial arrangements in Wales that would enhance or otherwise detract the successful implementation of the duty. It is therefore expected that by the close of the roles assigned to the commission in charge, known as the Silk Commission, there will be a clear statement on how financial accountability can be improved when the duty is brought into enforcement in Wales. Even more, the package of powers that give a constitutional right for the implementation of the duty shall adequately be considered to ensure that the provisions of the law do not conflict with any existing State legislation. It will be based on the findings that further action will be taken on the devolution of the air passenger duty. As pending is made of the final outcome of the commission’s work, it is important that discussions begin on how the air passenger duty will affect the larger Welsh economy and particularly the air transport industry.

Consumer Decision-Making Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Consumer Decision-Making Process - Essay Example This necessity or want could be triggered by wanting to satisfy a need which arises due to internal stimuli, such as thirst, hunger, etc. (Anonymous). This need can also be sparked by external stimuli such as advertisements, or when your friend buys a new car or a new pair of shoes. At this stage, online marketers should make effective use of the internet to stimulate recognition of this need (Philip Kotler, 2009). They generally start off by collecting information from consumers, about their lifestyles, the products they use, important events in their lives, through online surveys and questionnaires. In the internet world, customers tend to search for pages that they want to browse through. Marketers use the traditional method of using banners and ads to attract customers. Some even use pop-up sites to get the consumer’s attention. A study conducted by IIfeld and Winer showed that about 88 internet companies got frequent hits online due to banner advertising (Limbada, 2006). Online Companies such as amazon.com and easyjet.com use this technique effectively. Not only does it use animated banners and images, Amazon displays links such as â€Å"what customers are looking for† and â€Å"best-sellers†, which could arouse a certain need in the customer. Another need recognition technique could include responding to keywords on search engines. When a customer types a keyword such as ‘airline’ on google.com, Emirates or Air Canada are usually the first two options that appear on the search list. This search list order could be a vital technique for marketing. If the customer initially wanted to travel via Qatar Airways, but the search list brought Emirates on the top, the customer could decide to Emirates instead. Discussion blogs in newsgroups etc. could also help catch the eye of the consumer. Information Search begins once a consumer has identified his need. There are various ways to search for information regarding the product tha t the consumer wants to purchase. By searching, he can find out all his options, the various brands that are available, the different prices, design, etc. (Krishnamurthy, 2006).The extensiveness of this search depends upon how valuable this product is. If, for example, the customer wants a camera, he will research more rigorously about the various alternatives that are available. This way the customer gathers a whole bank of information and companies such as auto trader help direct the customer towards the choice the suits him the most.

Effectiveness of the Artificial Heart

Effectiveness of the Artificial Heart   Zeeshan Bhalwani   Artificial Heart The human heart is a wondrous structure of engineering. In the body of the average adult, the heart is the tenacious muscle that beats approximately 100,000 times each day, pumping blood through veins and arteries that extend upwards toward the brain and downwards towards the toes. It is no big surprise biomedical engineers have had a difficult time assembling a mechanical replica which is to function similarly as the heart and to keep patients with heart failure alive. Although comparative developments date back to the late 1940s, the first artificial heart was effectively implanted in a human was the Jarvik-7 in 1982, constructed by Willem Johan Kolff and Robert Jarvik (Strickland). The artificial heart is a prosthetic device that surgically replaces both ventricles and all valves of a heart used by adults with heart failure, and is becoming more prominent as innovation is advancing. Artificial hearts are normally used to delay the time to heart transplantation, or to indefinitely replace the heart in case heart transplantation is not possible. The most affluent impact of the artificial heart is that it saves over 5,000 lives every year (SynCardia). Additionally, this invention has had a beneficial impact on society because a fully functional artificial heart lowers the excessive need for heart transplants, since the demand for donor hearts surpasses supply. An example of someone who has been greatly assisted by the artificial heart is Pietro Zorzetto. He had an artificial heart in him for nearly four years, prior to his successful heart transplant on September 11, 2011 (Drumwright). Overall this device was of assistance to many people, but unfortunately there are also consequences that are turning up as progress is being made on the artificial heart. The consequences associated with the artificial heart are primarily unforeseen and bad, although little good can be seen. According to CardioWest, a certain artificial heart is designed to be attached to a power source outside the body through holes in the abdomen. These holes allow harmful bacteria getting inside the body which could potentially cause an infection. Additionally, since the mechanisms are so complex, they can malfunction in different ways. An artificial hearts pumping rate may not be exactly right, power may fail or parts altogether may stop working, which consequently would lead to sudden death. Another disadvantage of the artificial heart is that not all patients have a body size that allows the device to be implanted into the chest, making small people incapable of   receiving the device. As innovation is advancing and technology is progressing, these issues are beginning to diminish and new ways of developing the artificial heart are being introduced. According to MIT, the artificial heart is being enhanced to combine synthetic and biological materials as well as sensors and software to detect a patients level of exertion and adjust output accordingly. According to Carmat, a company concentrated on developing the latest bioprosthetic heart, it will comprise of two chambers each divided by a membrane which will hold hydraulic fluid. A motorized pump will move the fluid in and out of the chambers allowing the blood to flow through the chambers. The blood-facing side of the membrane is made of tissue procured from tissue that surrounds a cows heart, to make the device more biocompatible. The benefit of bioprosthetic hearts is they are not rejected by the bodys immune system. This is because they are made from metals and plastics, so the body does not recognize them as foreign and attack them in the same way it does with a manifold of living tissue. Furthermore, Pennsylvania State University researchers are developing a prosthetic hea rt powered by radio-frequency energy that is absorbed by the skin. Overall, these particular advancements are what will make the artificial heart sought-after. To conclude, heart failure is the leading cause of death all over the world. Most people die from the chambers of the heart failing to push enough blood through the body. A solution to heart failure was initially surfaced in the late 1960s. It had also required the advent of immunosuppressants. Around a decade later, the first successful artificial heart was developed and, the average survival rate of heart transplant patients increased to more than 5 years. The incessant furtherance of technology today will eventually lead to the creation of the perfect artificial heart and will be able to help every common man in need. Works Cited Advantages Disadvantages of the Artificial Heart. Health Guide Info. N.p., 07 Feb. 2011. Web. 09 Feb. 2017. Drumwright, Janelle. 7 Things About Artificial Hearts That You Should Know. 7 Things About Artificial Hearts That You Should Know. N.p., 2014. Web. 09 Feb. 2017. Eliza Strickland Posted 29 Dec 2016 | 14:00 GMT. Completely Artificial Hearts: Coming to a Chest Cavity Near You. IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News. N.p., 29 Dec. 2016. Web. 01 Mar. 2017. Medtronic. Benefits and Risks of Heart Valve Replacement. Medical Technology, Services, and Solutions Global Leader. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Feb. 2017. Rojahn, Susan Young. The Latest Artificial Heart: Part Cow, Part Machine. MIT Technology Review. MIT Technology Review, 16 Mar. 2016. Web. 09 Feb. 2017. What Is a Total Artificial Heart? National Institutes of Health. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, n.d. Web. 09 Feb. 2017.

Drama Portfolio :: Education School Theatre Plays Essays

Drama Portfolio How did the first drama exercise develop your ideas? We first tried a simple drama interview with some prejudice. We thought we could develop it by adding more drama strategies. We also thought that we could increase the prejudice of the interviewer and maybe, instead of him saying his own inner thoughts, he could have a conscience/alter-ego to say it for him. This lead on to the thought that we could make his alter-egos control him and his actions. What were your first thoughts? We discussed several meanings of the poem. We all thought that the poem was about prejudice in the workplace. The main character is interviewing people and discriminating against them because of their differences. We thought that a good drama developing from this poem would be in the form of an interview. What did your group decide? Our group decided to do the interview. We had 3 interviewees. Each would have a different characteristic i.e. colour, mentality, disability etc. They would be interviewed by a very prejudiced, racist person who would become increasingly so after each interview. Strategies, media, elements We used 2 main strategies within this drama. The interviewer had what we called, an alter-ego or conscience. There was a good (angel), neutral (everyday man) and an evil (devil) conscience. These controlled him. As each interviewee enters, the scene would freeze and the conscience would give their inner thoughts about the person. The alter-egos were placed on chairs, above, and surrounding the interviewer to show control over him. We build this drama up to a string climax. One second, noise and business, and the next, silence and solitude. What did you learn from other peoples' ideas and work? I learnt, from one of my group members, that you should think beyond the actual drama and use as many drama elements as you can to develop your drama. Also, to offer and accept good criticism and/or advice about how people can improve their acting abilities. Rounded Rectangular Callout: You will be hearing from us shortly by U.A. Fanthorpe What would you like to work on next? The next thing I would like to try would be to see how prejudice affects people in other ways e.g. at home, school, etc. and to develop a few dramas on that. Also, I would like to focus on one particular aspect of prejudice/discrimination e.g. racism, ageism, etc. and use a drama to get the message across as to how these prejudices are wrong and why these people are no different to any others. You Will Be Hearing From Us Shortly You feel adequate to the demands of this position? What qualities do you feel you

The Persian Wars

The Persian Wa rs tric D. Blanco Persia, known as Iran, was the largest empire the world had ever seen by the 5th century B,C. E. The name Iran derlves trom the word â€Å"Asyran,† and durlng the first half of the first millennium, the Iranian-speaking people moved gradually Into the area of the Zagros Mountains, the largest groups known as the Medes and Persians. According the author of The Greek and Persian Wars 499-386 3C by Philip de Souza, The Persians were part of a group of ancient peoples who spoke languages similar to modern Iranian (Souza, Pg. 9). The origin of the Persian Empire can be attributed to the leadership ot Cyrus the Great. A brilliant and powerful Persian king. he enlarged nearby Islands and united them Into one empire. Cyrus was able to create a vast empire that would last more than two hundred years. As time went by, the Greek city- states were under the rule of the Persians. The Persian wars began. But what was the Persian war? According to the â€Å" Encyclopedia of Ancient History, Greece†, it was a serious of conflicts fought between Greek states and the Persian Empire.Greece was Invaded twice during the Persian wars. The wars with Greece and Persla were a result due to rebellion, but who won the war? The Persians wanted to conquer more of Greece, then a war broke out, but how did it all began? After the death of King Croesus of Lydia died, Greece was under the rule of the Persian Empire which they much resented. In result to this, they fought to throw out the Persians. The city-state Ionia revolted. Athens and Eritrea supported the Ionians with a token force of twenty ships from Athens, five ships from Eritrea.The Ionian revolt was successful at first, but after the Greeks sailed home It was rushed. Persian temples had been violated, and whether they did it or not the Athenians and Eritreans were blamed for it. King Darius I of Persia ordered a punitive expedition to these two cities, but a storm smashed his fleet. Anot her fleet was assembled. and the tlrst Persian war began, Which city-state was saved, and which was destroyed from the fleet of Persia? Before finding the answer of which city-state was saved and destroyed, and victor, let's look at the important kings, generals during the wars.Darius l, he was the king of the Persian Empire during the first war. His son Xerxes took the title as king of the Persian Empire at the start ot the second war. Mardonius is a Persian general In both wars. Datls and Artaphernes were generals at the Battle of Marathon, the first war. 1 OF3 Marathon. At the Battle of Thermopylae, the second war, Leonidas, Spartan general, and king fought the Persians with three hundred men. In Thermopylae 480 BC by Nic Fields, Leonidas as the commander-in-chief, held off the Persians to their rear by a mountain track, the Anopaia path (Fields, Pg. ). Themistocles was an Athenian dmiral at the Battle of Salamis. Pausanias was also a Spartan general but at the Battle of Plataea. They are the important people during this time of event. Fought to the death, some survived, but who won the wars? Persians have returned home with a low supply of weapons after the first war, they were defeated by the Greeks at the Battle of Marathon. Persians attacked Athens to teach them a lesson for revolting against the Great Darius l, but the Athenians defeated the Persians. The second invasion returned with the new king, Xerxes.With a huge army he gathered, they ttacked the Greeks at Thermopylae. That's when the Spartans came in, with three hundred men under the leadership of Leonidas. The Persians ended up reaching the city of Athens and burned it. The Persians were finally defeated by the Greek Navvy in a bloody sea battle. Fewer than four hundred Greek ships under the Athenian general Themistocles beat twelve hundred Persian ships. Xerxes went home after the defeat. However, he left a large army in Greece. The Spartans and Athenians fought the Persian army. The combined f orces were able to beat the Persians.Looking back at the question, Athens was the city-state that was destroyed and Eritreans survived. The war may have been won by the Greeks, but when did it all started? According to the author of The Greek and Persian Wars 499-386 BC book by Philip de Souza, In 499 the Persians launched a major naval expedition against Naxos, the largest and most prosperous of the Cycladic islands. Herodotus presents this expedition as the result of an appeal by some exiled Naxian aristocrats to Aristagoras, the ruling tyrant of Miletos, to help them force their compatriots to ccept them back and return to power.Miletos was one of the largest and most important Ionian cities. According to the text, it had enjoyed privileged, semi- independent status in relation to the Lydian kings, which the Persians allowed to continue. The Ionians rebelled, some of the Ionian cities and island had been developing a form of democratic government when they came under Persian infl uence. Such developments continued in mainland Greece, especially in Athens, but the move to widespread popular participation in government was prematurely halted in Ionia.

Stegosaurs - The Spiked, Plated Dinosaurs

Stegosaurs - The Spiked, Plated Dinosaurs As dinosaurs go, stegosaurs are relatively easy to describe: these quadrupedal, small-to-medium-sized, small-brained herbivores were characterized by the double rows of plates and spikes along their backs and the sharp spikes on the ends of their tails. By far the most famous stegosaur (and the one that has lent its name to this entire family) is, of course, Stegosaurus, but there are at least a dozen other closely related genera, most of which are no less important from a historical perspective. (See a gallery of stegosaur pictures and profiles and Why Did Stegosaurus Have Plates on its Back?) Evolutionarily speaking, stegosaurs are classified as ornithischian (bird-hipped) dinosaurs. Their closest relatives were the armored dinosaurs known as ankylosaurs, and they were more distantly related to other four-footed plant-eaters like hadrosaurs (aka duck-billed dinosaurs) and ornithopods. In a crucial way, though, stegosaurs were less successful than these other dinosaurs: they only flourished toward the end of the Jurassic period (about 160 to 150 million years ago), with only a handful of species managing to survive into the ensuing Cretaceous. Types of Stegosaurs Because they constituted such a small family of dinosaurs, its relatively easy to distinguish among the various types of stegosaurs. The earlier, smaller stegosaurs of the middle to late Jurassic period are known as huayangosaurids, typified by, you guessed it, Huayangosaurus and less well-known genera like the European Regnosaurus. The better-known stegosaurids were larger, with more elaborate spikes and plates, and are best represented by the classic body plan of Stegosaurus. As far as paleontologists can tell, the stegosaur family tree took root with the huayangosaurids of Asia, and grew larger and more ornate by the time Stegosaurus planted itself in North America. There are still some mysteries, though: for example, the tantalizingly named Gigantspinosaurus had two huge spikes protruding from its shoulders, making its exact classification within the stegosaur line (if it even belongs there) a matter of controversy. The last stegosaur to appear in the fossil record is the mid-Cretaceous Wuerhosaurus, though its possible that some as-yet-undiscovered genus may have survived to the brink of the K/T Extinction 65 million years ago. Why Did Stegosaurs Have Plates? The most enduring mystery about stegosaurs is why they possessed those characteristic double rows of plates and spikes along their backs, and how these plates and spikes were arranged. To date, no stegosaur fossil has been unearthed with the plates still attached to its skeleton, leading some paleontologists to conclude that these scutes (as theyre technically called) lay flat along the dinosaurs back, like the thick armor of ankylosaurs. However, most researchers still believe that these plates were arranged semi-vertically, as in popular reconstructions of Stegosaurus. This leads naturally to the question: did these plates have a biological function, or were they strictly ornamental? Because scutes pack a large surface area into a small volume, its possible that they helped to dissipate heat during the night and absorb it by day, and thus regulated their owners presumably cold-blooded metabolism. But its also possible that these plates evolved to deter predators, or to help differentiate males from females. The trouble with these latter two explanations is that a) its hard to see how an upright array of blunt plates could possibly have intimidated a hungry Allosaurus, and b) there has been very little evidence to date of sexual dimorphism among stegosaurs. The prevailing theory is a bit less exciting: the bulk of opinion today is that the plates and spikes of stegosaurs evolved as a way of differentiating individuals within the herd, along the same lines as the slightly varying black-and-white stripes of zebras (because they were well supplied with blood, these scutes may also have changed color with the seasons). No such controversy attaches to the sharp spikes at the end of most stegosaurs tails, which were doubtless used for defensive purposes (and are often called thagomizers in tribute to a famous Far Side cartoon by Gary Larson).

Free Essays on Douglass -- The Narrative

, Frederick Douglass (c. 1817-1895), an emancipated slave with no formal education, ends one of the greatest pieces of propaganda of the 19th century America: that slavery is good for the slave. He writes his autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass: An American Slave, as an abolitionist tool to shape his northern audience’s view of southern slaveholders. Through personal anecdotes, Douglass draws an accurate picture of slave life. Simultaneously, he chooses these events for how they will affect the northern audience’s opinion of southern slaveholders (Quarles ii). By using the written word, Douglass targets educated northern whites because they were the only group capable of changing the status quo. Illiterate northern whites and free northern blacks could not vote, while white Southerners would not vote because they did not want change. For that reason, Douglass used his life story as an instrument to promote abolition among literate northern whites (vi). Douglass uses family relationships, starting with his own birth, to gain the compassion of his target audience. He never knew the identity of his father, but it was â€Å"whispered† (Douglass 2) that it was his master. Douglass mentions this to demonstrate how the â€Å"master in [many] cases, sustains to his slaves the double relation of master and father† (2). This was so commonplace that it was â€Å"by law established that the children of women shall in all cases follow the condition of their mother† (2). This meant that these bastard... Free Essays on Douglass -- The Narrative Free Essays on Douglass The Narrative Debunking the Southern Secret â€Å"Sincerely and earnestly hoping that this little book may do something toward throwing light on the American slave system, and hastening the glad day of deliverance to the millions of my brethren in bonds †¦ relying upon the power of truth, love, and justice, for success in my †¦ efforts and solemnly pledging myself anew to the sacred cause, I subscribe myself† (Douglass 76). With these words, Frederick Douglass (c. 1817-1895), an emancipated slave with no formal education, ends one of the greatest pieces of propaganda of the 19th century America: that slavery is good for the slave. He writes his autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass: An American Slave, as an abolitionist tool to shape his northern audience’s view of southern slaveholders. Through personal anecdotes, Douglass draws an accurate picture of slave life. Simultaneously, he chooses these events for how they will affect the northern audience’s opinion of southern slav eholders (Quarles ii). By using the written word, Douglass targets educated northern whites because they were the only group capable of changing the status quo. Illiterate northern whites and free northern blacks could not vote, while white Southerners would not vote because they did not want change. For that reason, Douglass used his life story as an instrument to promote abolition among literate northern whites (vi). Douglass uses family relationships, starting with his own birth, to gain the compassion of his target audience. He never knew the identity of his father, but it was â€Å"whispered† (Douglass 2) that it was his master. Douglass mentions this to demonstrate how the â€Å"master in [many] cases, sustains to his slaves the double relation of master and father† (2). This was so commonplace that it was â€Å"by law established that the children of women shall in all cases follow the condition of their mother† (2). This meant that these bastard...

Participatory Effort in Developments of Raising Capital Essay - 3

Participatory Effort in Developments of Raising Capital - Essay Example Another feature is that such investments require good in-depth knowledge of the prospects of the business as well as of the acumen of its protagonists and the participating investors. Often funds are pooled by a major investor who offers partnerships and all partners agree to share the sentiments on the investment pattern and timings. In case a partner withdraws prematurely then he is likely to be denied opportunity in future as being unreliable since the continued availability of funds is a prime factor in such investments. The main feature of such companies is that they are usually a prospect for a buy-out or takeover that enhances their value substantially. Â  Private placements are more often more paying in emerging markets as securities in these places are likely to be undervalued and provide above-average returns. However, it is prudent to take a hedge once the company has become public as this will cover any likely loss of value that sometimes happens when market sentiments are affected by internal or external events. Â  This is the term for investments into property or natural resource companies. Such companies offer a different value to their investors. Unlike equity or debt portfolios, where the element of risk is high or low respectively, these investments are always on the extreme of both. They can fetch high returns when the market is on a growth trajectory as their both their asset and return values precipitate quickly due to the restricted availability of their assets. Similarly, in cases where there is a general economic decline, not really related to their own assets, the sentiments force down values and bring about negative returns very quickly. Â  These investments are also usually made by large institutional investors as the risks are enormous and not meant for the ordinary investor who panics at the drop of a hat.

Google, decribe organization's approach to leading, planning and Essay

Google, decribe organization's approach to leading, planning and controlling, is it right do I haveany recommended changes - Essay Example o overcome as well with fears that Google could possibly become a monopoly which could ultimately lead to the demise of such an influential corporation. Google Inc. is a global technology leader focused on improving the ways people connect with information. Google maintains an index of websites and other content which allows anyone with an internet connection to access this information freely. Their revenues are over 16 billion per year and they employ over 16,000 people. Their growth in revenue each year is mainly due to an increase in advertising revenues for Google web sites and as well as their network. They are one of the largest companies in America based on their market share value. The influence of this company was exemplified when â€Å"Google† was added to the Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary in 2006. According to Webster it is defined as the way â€Å"to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the internet†. [1] The development of Google’s search engine technology began in January 1996 in a garage. Stanford University’s computer science graduate students Larry Page and Sergey Brin got together to develop a new search engine technology. They named their new product â€Å"Backrub† because of its ability to rate websites. This was done when viewing the number of reverences by examining the number of back links pointing to the web sites. This was a new way to rate web sites. The competitors had a way to assess the revelency of web sites to a particular search query based on counting metatags or â€Å"key words† included in web sites. By 1997 â€Å"Backrub† had a number of followers in the internet world in the Silicon Valley. One of these followers was Yahoo co-founder, David Filo. In 1998 David Filo convinced Larry Page and Sergey Brin to leave Stanford Graduate School and focus full time on making their search technology the basis of a new internet company. Backrub was renamed Google, or Googol, which is a mathematical term that